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civil society in times of transformation

Dettling, Daniel (ed.): The future of civil society. Festschrift for Warnfried Dettling. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2008th 233 pages. € 39,90.

reviewed by Armin queens g

Daniel Dettling has a commemorative 65th Birthday Warnfried published Dettling, discuss controversial in the prominent authors on the understanding of an active civil society in a time of global transformation.
advocate the one hand, social policy, such as Alois luck a "basic political strategy in terms of a new balanced community of shared responsibility between citizens and government" (85). A strong state is to guarantee stability and ability to act and set the framework for the social life, economy, politics and active citizen participation. This is a plea against a "retreat of the state alone to its purely sovereign functions" (86).
other hand, see Werner Weidenfeld and Norbert Walter, the economy no longer in the old regulatory framework of the social market economy and so that the responsibility for civil society. Above all, Walter will be a new economic development opportunities by freeing the company of loads. The German form of corporatism as an economic system has "led to dead ends." (112) How are the environmental, economic, social and demographic challenges of the 21st Century, most do not. A new economic order with the elements of competition, performance and participation should bring a boost. 'The inclusion of as many with their potential "(112) is therefore a central Task was to make but not the economy, but by society. "The conditions for such a participatory and performance-oriented society are beyond the economic." (112) The aim is to Anglo-Saxon market economy. That it would demonized in Germany, prevent that "the world's leading exporter from the talents of the virtuoso use markets. Instead of banishing shareholder value or private equity, we should develop them, "says Walter. (112-113)
subsidiarity in the sense of environmental and social sustainability and in such good agreement with the Catholic social doctrine "(113) will be delegated to Walters view. Citizens in particular to be more active. Walter wants "more creative and venturesome spirits" (112), who are willing to take responsibility, but also "true partnership in many areas, particularly in marriage, to the greening ;.'S REASONS grant of families, the children of social protection, back up the whole, education and social character "(112)
Weidenfeld sees in civil society the chance that government and industry through civic participation, self-help, everyday solidarity and volunteer [s] commitment "(50) are relieved financially. "Civic engagement should help to solve critical social problems" (50). Target is a "participatory welfare state" is. 50)
Heiner Geissler is the counterpoint: (117) As long as politics and business are ready. "The total economization of all spheres of life of the counter-proposal to civilian society," "is [To] with a so-called precariat find from (115), as long as civil society remains a utopia. "A civil society requires that policies, Government and industry are based on an ethical foundation, that is the absolute respect for human dignity for all is and all have the duty to help those who in need. "(117)
Rüdiger May describes the conditions and criteria of political participation:" Without participation, democracy is an empty, formal envelope which goes to the living reality of the people over, " . (199) Negative factors describes May the "lack of organization of today's opportunities for participation" (200), the "lack of role models" (202), "[u] nvollständiges knowledge and lack of interest (203 ) and lack of time, the persistence of mandate holders and their place advantage over novices, in the "special language of politicians" (210) and the difficulty of communication, although this is a key to participation was: "Political communication is for potential Participate in a foreign world." (212) If participation is an "essential element of the functioning of democracy" (212) should be democracy must be changed. These include the breaking up encrusted structures in institutions, rights, below the threshold of a formal membership "(212), another person selected by new" open selection processes "(212) in politics which assume that role models and encourage the participation "(212), could an exchange of personnel (in time) of politics by economics, culture and science (212-213) and a mediation initiative to teach citizens the functioning of government and society. She also called on political communication "less rhetorical, (...), but concrete" (213) are. The most important recommendation: "The scheme works have simple, understandable, and the citizens are catchy (even at the cost of lesser individual justice), he must understand the content if it is to participate." (213)
Warnfried Dettling, one of the pioneers of the civil society requires a new Model with the holistic view of local governance, in which "citizens are more involved" (222) and is changed into the "social culture of a society (222). In addition, Germany needed "more civil society to people to share beyond the employment at the company and connect with meaningful activities, community projects can be." (222) The civil society must find an answer "to the new social question, the division of society and social exclusion prevent many people. "(223) Here comes full circle with the social policy makers. The conflicting positions of the authors show that even intensive discussions on the "state of civil society, the economy in civil society and strong citizen in a strong democracy in the sense Benjamin Barber is leading to. The pamphlet with their sometimes very pointed, and thoroughly readable, provides contributions to a variety of suggestions.

(c) 2010 Armin King

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Spatial Governance


governance can be functionally and spatially based [1]. Especially the reference to space plays in modern governance concepts and terms important. The pieces range from the world-wide global governance of international politics to small-scale Urban Local Governance. In between are supranational, national and regional governance configurations.
rooms are for people of vital importance. They are for individuals, families and groups, mainly living rooms. There they live, where they attend school, form, work, spend their free time, communicate, find here them home and shelter, identity and solidarity.
rooms are not only living and recreation rooms, but also power has always been areas in which policy is developed. "Political territories are the physical basis of power and its limits are 'power-limits'." [2] This
are spaces in the territorial sense constitutive of societies and social developments. The political-administrative system is organized territorially. It's there in particular to planning and design of power to influence to economic-financial objectives [3] to provide power over resources, but also about life-world of identity and motives-"[4].

Armin King

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[1] See Fürst, Dietrich (2004): Regional Governance. P. 51

[2] Reuber, Paul (1999): Spatial political conflicts. P. 1

[3] See Reuber, p. 311

[4] Reuber, p. 312

Where To Exchange Canadian Change In Seattle

participation - the battle cry for the pragmatic use active citizen

By Armin King

Political participation was long an unloved child: constitutional law, political science, the class of political representatives - nearly all considered that direct citizen participation, with greater or lesser degree of skepticism. Critics called it a dazzling concept of participation, which stood since the 1950s in the criticism. He was considered a fashionable word, was as indeterminate, columnist and vague or in the late 60s as a rallying cry in political controversy of the reform and democratization debate perceived. "Participation as a political battle cry" corresponded to Schmidt Glaeser "largely in the image of his target, democratization '. Nestled in one, democratization Rush (Dürig) it disturbs the general participation little euphoria that efforts are sufficient grounds for a scientific requirements in proportion to the extent of the participation requirements. " [1]

This, however, was a pretext. It was not just a lack of reasons for participation, the scientific requirements were sufficient. Ultimately it was the elites, which, combined with a strong executive the action of the State, some traditionally to a general ward off the unwanted citizen participation and involvement, which was characterized as alien to the system [2].

were made more efforts to encourage greater direct participation of the population to the restrictive principle of a limited administrative public that it external was almost impossible to obtain the necessary information for decisions. Even less of a citizen participation process was to think. It took place only marginally, was also in times of reconstruction is not taken to be important. They contented themselves with material wealth creation and pragmatic policy.

That should change in the late 1960s abruptly.

It was the time of the politicization and resurgence after 1968, when the establishment ("the muff robes of a thousand years") and his crusty regarded as structures were put in question, a time when Willy Brandt as chancellor with the demand "more democracy" the stagnation of a restorative post-war era and sought to overcome the first social-liberal coalition broad social reforms.

the student movement and the extra-parliamentary opposition (APO) called for new techniques of political protest, social participation in almost all areas - and this first set by it. And down the country were citizens' initiatives. Their number was estimated in 1973 throughout Germany to 1400 to 3000. [3] It was no longer possible to ignore these initiatives or to fight even, as it had sought the establishment parties and the executive branch first. The participation

idea made its appearance in many areas. Fritz Vilmar, in this connection "for children, groups of children / Elterngrup, schools, universities, community colleges, media, theater, public of contract administration, citizens' initiatives, juries, community planning, hospitals, prisons, factories, companies, economics, parties, trade unions, Churches. "[4] Throughout the early 1970s, discussed ideas and tried participation. After struggling at school participation laws to employee participation to participatory planning, to participation of employees in productive capital.

The Club of Rome put it: "Few words can the right of persons to be as clear decisions at both local and global level to determine their environment and their lives, to influence, in connection with their hope to accept equality, and their refusal to an offside position, or a subordinate status. Effective participation requires the effort of the people of integrity, dignity and his willingness to take the initiative. Although the right to participate can be guaranteed, neither can the participation nor the associated duty and responsibility to be given 'or given away. Real participation takes place voluntarily. " [5]

The conditions for this (voluntary) participation of citizens in political and administrative decisions better only time in 1971 with the Urban Development Act [6]. It was a consequence of the neglect of residents and "the shabbiness and spirituality of the city planning" [7] and the "Destruction of cultural urbanity" [8]. And it was a response to lack of legal protection of citizens against plans of the state. [9]

The new urban development law of the planned restructuring measures were immediately affected the chance of participation. The position of the concerned citizens of measures strengthened in local politics. Further strengthening was carried out with the Federal Building Act 1976 [10] with the extensive early participation of citizens in land use planning.

was also introduced into the Federal Building Act, the municipal development planning.

Despite "structural limitations of the reach of municipal development planning" saw Joachim Jens Hesse is "a number of actions and improvements over traditional planning process." [11] As examples of the extensions and improvements he mentioned especially the "pressure to innovate on the local political-administrative system" and the "exercise of political control function "[12]. Politics and administration came under pressure to justify.

was often the responsible participation of citizens in decisions about their present and future [13] by the incumbent therefore does not want it. Instead, there was suspicion of too much grass-roots democracy, first suspected the local Elites of the newly formed citizens' groups even "undermine the representative constitution and to establish in its place a system of councils to do" [14]. This has disillusioned many people who participated in actions with heart and soul of citizen participation. Against the prevailing opinion criticized stone this restrictive attitude: . "Thus, our country is in derogation of some, even the blood vessels through which his strength and initiative of the people her flocking" may [15]

This distrust more active as a result of a pragmatic use citizens by the government. "Instead of citizen initiatives more than legitimate and necessary tests, local Decision-making process for the interests and needs of citizens more permeable to accept really, they try to take the citizens' initiatives for their own policy on the duty. You do not get citizen initiatives on citizenship, but citizens generate applause. For an active policy of cooperation they are pursuing only to those initiatives, where they run no risk of having to cut back on their own positions. " [16]

Actual public participation was rare despite the many initiatives and in spite of the changed attitude of the authorities. Kodolitsch stated: "Everyone asks for more Participation, but does not realize she is " [17] Its interim conclusion: the cities . Have not only failed to demonstrate their participation will here, but they miss the opportunity to practice civic participation. Although this process seems to realize civic participation, to stagnate in the daily practice of local politics to time, but the impulses emanating from the legislative level (see again the efforts to amend the BBauG), make clear that public participation in future even be institutionalized is more extensive than previously. " [18] The mood

the social-liberal change of power lasted as little as the initial euphoria of participation. The local development planning with participation of its citizens could not meet the high expectations.

participation and planning euphoria was replaced by a Planungspragmatismus, who agreed in the face of growing commercialization at the lowest common denominator. Planning came under the general suspicion, to aggravate a variety of standards and normative regulations particularly large projects or delay.

To date, the predominant critical view of the concept of participation, although no longer a matter of principle, but as a result of disappointed expectations of the citizens involved. gave [19] Even so it often: that in just the local level and in organizations idealist ideas developed, then disappeared in the drawers or were discussed in more bodies or to death. Again and again, just problems in the implementation of the jointly developed concepts difficult.

This was grist to the mill of critics from the ranks of representative democracy, which saw participation has always been the wrong version of the implementation of the Basic Law postulate that all government authority emanates from the people. On the other hand is
Volker Gerhardt assessment, participation is "the principle of policy" [20] par.

His paradigm:

"All politics is based on the principle of participation . Because, no matter under what conditions and why policies are made: Always have a few (usually even many) people interact with the explicit aim to exercise power over a social group. You have to enter as parts into a whole, they act as his representative. So that they take active and passive stake in a power based on their conscious activity. The express sympathy for a social whole, which one - as this whole thing - get to create, to direct or change looking and which one is responsible, is participation. " [21] The democratic principle of a free and open expression and decision-making calls from the people towards the state organs in the state's decision-making opens (BVerfGE 20, 56, 97ff)." [22] Against this background

asked Susan Wickrath 1992, more citizen participation in decisions of public administration: "The right of regional planning and regional planning is not to his self-image and its citizen-oriented tradition. It can remain in the future for the relationship between the institutions of regional planning and regional planning and the citizens not take into account that at the level of , Space planning and zoning already substantial preliminary decisions are made on the later of the citizens can hardly influence. The lack of information on both sides have - possibly at the expense of the Germans in the Federal Republic of prevailing principle of limited administrative public -. Eliminate " [23]

is now in matters of transparency, participation and local control, some on the move.
A significant proportion of these experiences of German unification with the round tables and grass-roots decision-making processes of the disintegrating GDR, the proliferation of citizen initiatives and Public decisions, and external developments. The European Union has forced the break with standard specifications of the limited public administration with all its restrictions more or less. The change in the local constitutions in the countries with Mayor primaries and an increasing preference for the southern German mayor constitution be mentioned in this context.

"After several decades of a defensive attitude towards direct-democratic procedures, the state legislature after the reunification of a reform of the inner community constitution in motion that characterize it, without exaggeration, as a new stage of the participatory revolution can, " [24] note Gabriel / Walter-Rogg. This

were linked as early as the beginning of the 1970s, great hope, although it can be seen now a new thrust. In times of increasing economic pressures on local authorities will now "performance, responsiveness, flexibility and innovative capacity of the local political system" [ 25] can be increased. Also plays with the expectation that "the distance between citizens and local decision makers could be abolished."

As in the 70 years this time is the interim results from sober. It is determined that citizen initiatives and public decisions have little political relevance and lead a shadowy existence. However, a growing change in the community show, that a "numerically not insignificant minority of the population" [26] is willing to participate in the community ready - away from political parties and associations. Even through informal participation and increased transparency and political governance could be changed by committed citizens. Gabriel / Walter-Rogg see this as a positive, indirect effects of participation.

We see participation in principle positive. But it is not a panacea, but can also be abused, like the Swiss referendum to ban minarets in 2009 has impressively demonstrated.

© Armin king 2009

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[1] Schmidt Glaeser, Walter (1972): Summary of the co-rapporteur on: participation in management decisions. In: VVDStRL 31, p. 259
[2] See, eg Isensee
[3] Kodolitsch, Paul von (1975): Local authorities and citizen initiatives. In AFK 2 / 1975, p. 266, footnote 8th
[4] Vilmar, Fritz (undated, presumably 1994.): Strategies of democratization: the balance after a quarter of a century. URL: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/ ~ Vilmar / dembil.html
[5] Club of Rome (1979): The human dilemma. And future learning. Vienna / Munich. P. 58f.
[6] Law on urban redevelopment and Entwicklungsmaßnahen in the communities (Städtebauförderungsgesetz - StBauFG) v.27.07.1971 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 1125).
[7] Schildt, Axel (2000): Material wealth - pragmatic politics - cultural upheavals. The 60 years in the Federal Republic. In: Schildt, Axel, Siegfried, Detlef; Lammers, Karl Christian (ed.): Dynamic time. The 60e years in the two German companies. Hamburg. P. 37
[8] Schildt, op cit, p.37.
[9] See Battis, Ulrich (1976): Participation in Urban Planning Law. Berlin
[10] Federal Building (BBauB) idFd Bek v. 18.8.1976 (BGBl I S. 2256, calcd Gazette I p. 3017)
[11] Hesse, Joachim Jens (1975): State community development planning. In: AFK 2 / 1975, p. 293
[12] Hesse, supra, p. 293
[13] See Strange, Waldemar: What is participation? Definitions - Systematizing. URL: http://www.kinderpolitik.de/beteiligungsbausteine/pdfs/a1_1.pdf
[14] Kodolitsch (1975), p. 265
[15] Stone, p. 1321, Rn. 8.
[16] Kodolitsch (1975), p. 270f.
[17] Kodolitsch (in 1975), p. 276
[18] Kodolitsch (1975), p. 277
[19] Last Holtkamp, Lars (2007).
[20] Gerhardt, Volker (2007): participation. The principle of the policy. Munich.
[21] Gerhardt (2007), p. 472
[22] Stein (1989): 1321, para. 8
[23] Wickrath, Susan (1992): Civic Participation in the law of, spatial planning and zoning. Münster (= contributions to the settlement and housing and spatial planning). P. 175
[24] Gabriel, Oscar W. and Walter-Rogg, Melanie (2006): citizen initiatives and public decisions - consequences for the local government decision-making process. In: German journal of urban studies (DFK) 2006/II, p. 39 f.
[25] Gabriel / Walter-Rogg (2006), p.40.
[26] Gabriel / Walter-Rogg (2006), p.39.



Armin King

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participation in practice: Illingen 2030 - no fear of shrinkage due to openness, innovative ideas and civic participation

contribution to the demography-Conference 2009 of the BBSR and the German Society for Demography in Berlin (Abstract - Summary)

Armin King

Illingen 2030 - no fear of shrinkage due to openness, innovative ideas and citizen participation
Armin King

The future project "Illingen 2030 has confronted in a comprehensive, integrated participatory process population, policy and management of the 18,000-inhabitant town in the Saarland with unpleasant men facts of demographic change. Key findings by demographics-Check, kick-off and eight participatory Future Workshops: Shrinkage is not destiny, but also an opportunity for something new. And if aging communities, more solidarity is needed. More political power for the people is intentional - that is working. Over 1,000 citizens have been involved. Now it is accepted that there are no new developments in outer areas more. The land use at the edge is limited to infrastructure costs to keep under control. In contrast, the City will be strengthened to include the retail pool its forces. The arrival of discounters on arterial roads has been stopped. Such strategic decisions require courage and leadership at Senior level.
emphases in demographic Change are education (full-day school), family policy (family ticket), economic (job security, profiling, networking; Illtal as a regional currency), social infrastructure, vacancy management, the reuse of municipal buildings and accessibility, and inter-municipal cooperation. The participation has been extended to target the civil community. Through empowerment of the citizenry social capital was acquired. The community realized in 24 months, twelve o'clock civil projects up to a new combined Kita-/Ganztagsschulprojekt, a new JUZ (in the empty office work) and the first foreign-saar municipal demolition program, "Make way." New projects are planned to be barrier-free.
Illingen 2030 has also shown the limits of participation. Unconventional ideas initiated in participatory creative process often with reservations. Inconvenient adjustment processes (infrastructure, community facilities) have been postponed. Also administrative cooperation prove to be difficult. A pilot project with four municipalities showed on many reservations especially at the department level, where one is anxiously to autonomy. In contrast, the development of an integrated rural development approach (ILEK) was a success. 14 small and large projects to test a regional management on their implementation through chance. In the national competition "Idee.Natur" is the community in Illingen purpose association with five other municipalities National winner will become and test innovative approaches to cooperative conservation, agriculture and tourism policy in an urban industrial structure.
is important that a community can inspire its people to such activities and that it is part of larger networks. This works best if the projects are very real, fit in an attractive setting and the citizens directly relevant.

Illingen 2009


Literature:

Title citizens to plan future demographic change
Author Armin King
Issue 2
Armin König Verlag, 2009 ISBN 3837003264
, 9783837003260
length 192 pages

Abstract:
local politics comes in the face of the financial problems of cities and municipalities and the demographic change, according to their limits. Even in manageable communities, the complexity of problems such as the decisions. Citizen participation is regaining importance. Armin King presents a model project for the future of participatory design, which is observed nationwide.


Title:
King, Armin (2008): The aging of society and the consequences for the municipalities in the Federation and the Saarland: a barely perceived demographic challenge with considerable impact Chen

Author: King, Armin
Source: Saarland Municipal Journal, 58 (10): 243-250, 2008 [Review]

Abstract:
not the amygdala, the aging of the population is the real demographic challenges. The article makes it clear that the challenge was perceived to accelerated aging of the population of the policy so far barely. Using empirical find-the king has to Armin that the problem exists. His conclusion: The consequences affect the entire social policy, social policy and economic policy. "The priorities of the policy shift is expected - in terms of the sustainability of the systems on accessibility, intergenerational equity, Efficiency and affordability. Just as important is the discussion of issues of assistance and care. The issue concerns the entire region Saar-Lor-Lux, including Lorraine and Luxembourg. Thus in particular counties and municipalities come under pressure to act.

Welcome Letter To A New Dentist

youth participating: From vacancy to JUZ - a success story

From vacancy to Illinger JUZ: Participatory politics as an opportunity for young people
Armin King

First published in SKZ 11/2009

need youth-friendly community development
that demographic change is directly linked to generational politics is evident and does not specifically justified be. This applies both to the group of older People and their needs. On the other hand, may in the course of demographic development, the youth's interests are not neglected.
The aging of society would be possible to motivate the political emphasis placed on future policy for the elderly, especially since it is expected there, the biggest potential votes. But I would argue at this point in favor of giving the demographic change and the youth policy of particular importance. Regardless of demographic trends have
provide municipalities the opportunity, through youth-friendly community development for young people attractive living conditions so as to maximize the municipal perspectives.
sky In a study on "Improving the quality of life of young people in rural areas, through youth-friendly community development" (Heaven 2007) found that in this area several deficiencies. This applies to recreational facilities and meeting places for young people, non-motorized mobility opportunities for young people, but also the "integration of young people in the community" (2007:31 heaven) and their involvement in policy planning and decision-making processes. Problematized is missing that special offers for girls. Finally, it stated that the participation of young people in the surveyed communities, "collectively referred to as deficient be "(heaven 2007:37) must, because they do not continuously. Sky recommends that young people have the opportunities to improve participation in the spatial planning options of "communication, self-expression, movement and interactions with others" (Heaven, 2007: 48) to be provided.

case study JUZ Illingen: from drilling thick boards
Illingen has a wealth of experience from the past with the participation Ju-gendlicher. This was not always without conflict, but has found since the founding of the Youth Centre JUZ an institutional base, allows the participation and empowerment at different levels. The example of the new youth center is shown be, as has been implemented cooperatively despite great obstacles, an important project. The drilling of thick boards was worth at the end for all.

Participation between euphoria and disappointment
has been discussed since 1995 in Illingen on a permanent placement of the youth center. The theme played in the first mayoral Urwahlkampf 1995/96 important role and has taken up several times in subsequent years. It was about three main topics: the willingness to young people the opportunity for a self-governing youth center to give the location issue and the issue of participatory planning. The youth center
Illingen Association was created in 1996 from the (http://venyoo.de/veranstaltungsort/8435/juz-illingen) "Youth Initiative station. The original idea of using the old train station as Illinger JUZ was, however, discarded because the station had to be demolished because of the dilapidated buildings.
had instead set up the Youth Centre Association with the support of the administration the possibility of a growing city hall in a former police tract as JUZ. This was considered to be temporary from the start, but proved durable temporary solution that should his twelve years JUZ-domicile. Process promoters for a future solution that would be sustainable, were the young people in volunteer organizations JUZ-club and adult patrons who have been socialized in the JUZ-movement and the mayor.
intensive political discussions in which the youth organizations of the parties involved resulted in the idea of restructuring the old gas works yard hall between urban and municipal gas works and use it as JUZ and small event hall.
was a workshop with the project of laying JUZ In 2003 we started rolling. The workshop was attended by young people, administration and local politics. It followed a meeting of the promoters with professors of the Faculty of Architecture of the Academy of Sciences of the Saarland (HTW), which gave the initial impetus for a construction project.
At the suggestion of young people praised the community Illingen in cooperation with the Department of Architecture HTW a student competition to transform the old gas station hall. The competition was a lot of attention in the press, public and local politics, the winners were celebrated for the "great success" but lacked the money. The project threatened to fail. But neither club nor policy nor JUZ-mayor wanted to give up without a fight. Alternatives were sought and found (a former trade union and later financial house in the center, which was for sale) and because of price expectations can not meet again discarded. The participants saw
despite these disappointments chances of realization, because of the workshop is a foundation of trust between young people, adults from the Friends, Mayor, mayor, political groups, youth worker, construction office manager and architect was created, the animated to continue. Only a few meters from the (discarded) furniture store was found in the post streets a new opportunity. From the "old employment office" organization has been the employment agency, which first moved into new areas and eventually the site Illingen abandoned altogether. The "old Labour Office," but extended the list of vacancies in the municipality which JUZ promoters, however, saw this the first time, realistic perspectives for the future and brought a change of use in conversation.

intergenerational cooperation as the key to success
participation experienced Workshop participants institutionalized their cooperation and established under the umbrella of the community 2005, the Commission new JUZ ", which was very motivated to work. Members included three members of the JUZ, three members of the council, the mayor, the mayor, the youth worker, the construction office manager and an architect. After the clarification of the encumbrance emerged as with the gas factory building the funding problem, but this time could be solved with the help of the funding Social town / city worth living structures.
2006 saw the breakthrough. The council took the decision in principle for a new JUZ in the post streets, participatory planning has been changed, revised negotiating with donors, grant, until the concept was. Noted the positive JUZ that "always community members, artisans and the JuZler themselves [were] in the entire process involved until the summer of 2007 work began" (http://venyoo.de/veranstaltungsort/8435/juz- ) Illingen. Although still not everything went according to plan, as necessary, for example, by the Non smoking Protection Act, further amendments were, but the risk of failure was no more.

young people actively: A paradigm for social capital
After had been made by professionals the necessary structural and building engineering changes could young people from March 2008 to become active themselves. This was a classic example of social capital: The remote JUZ'ler wallpaper, plastered and plastered walls, applied to color, becoming involved with the lighting device and rehearsal spaces, provided technical equipment and Internet standards. Often they take any more, as they wrote in their history, but they had "long-awaited opening of the mind" (http://venyoo.de/veranstaltungsort/8435/juz-illingen) and "pulled themselves together" ( supra). The motivation was successful, the JUZ was obtained, and the participants were all very satisfied.
is in the conclusions of young people it: "You can say that any individual who was involved in the construction of this new youth center, his has been the best, be they politicians, the administration, the artisans, the sponsors, who have a lot in only allows, or the young people Not to forget themselves are also the Ministry of the Environment and the European Union, which supported the move with subsidies and also enabled. All in all it was a joint project that would not work without the help of the other. This idea, which waited 12 years for their achievement could be realized only in this way. "(Ibid.)
Despite the obstacles, problems, disappointments and setbacks The project was youth center a success of participatory local politics. With the demographic and future project Illingen 2030 "of the development framework was given, which gave the project JUZ the necessary drive and the necessary explanation to ministries.

Local participation of youth in pure culture
JUZ The project gave the participants, local politics and governance arrangements in its purest form. You had to combine interests and articulate advocacy afford to find allies, networks formed to institutionalize their cooperation, setbacks, based in three local elections and two elections for mayor and most current work with new partners and, finally, hardly be expected as the project's success was working to organize craft and to as many new young people to the JUZ up to speed. Meanwhile, an entire year of students passed the Illtal High School, were three generations of primary school adolescents to become, hoping over a dozen years in the temporary "stop police" to better JUZ times. In the end, had the success that pierced the thick boards and never gave up and believed in their goal. With the active participation of planning and craft brought in the youth and their volunteer supporter of social capital, management and policy supplemented this with (Ver) competence, commitment and expertise. Possible this was only because the respective Senior level administrative and policy support to highly motivated young people. The learned policy on its part, the action level, do not know from the textbook. They were confronted with all that has to offer local politics, and came into contact with layers, which they would otherwise know little - to the state ministries and the Brussels-General. Ensure that the project mediated by the way political empowerment. The adults in politics, public administration and in turn learned that many youth-related stereotypes conveyed false or at least are biased.
The project was never continuously, the complexity of the project provided always swings for the positive and negative. There was brainstorming phase, euphoria, positive interim results, disappointments, because realizing results of creative works could not, setbacks, rest periods, background conversations, mediations, negotiations, surprises, emergent events, alliances at the time, planning phase, consolidation phase, revised plans formalized, and institutional configurations for grant donor and finally the participatory implementation of ideas. Ultimately, was the project of a JUZ the most successful and most unusual projects of community participation Illingen. The parties hope that even the most sustainable will belong.

Literature:
Barber, Benjamin, R. (1994): Strong Democracy. On the participation in the political. Hamburg: Red Book.
Bischoff, Ariane / Selle, Klaus / Sinning, Heidi (2007): Inform, Involve, Collaborate. Communication in planning processes. An overview of forms, procedures, methods and techniques. Revised edition. Dortmund: Rohn Klewe.
Böhnisch, Lothar (2008): Youth living conditions, social change and youth participation. In: Ködelpeter, Thomas Nitschke, Ulrich (ed.): Young people plan and design worlds: participation in response to social change. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag. P. 25-40.
DJI 2005 = German Youth Institute (Ed.) (2005): Governance strategies at local level. Local networks and local political control documentation for the workshop on 8 And 9 December 2004 in Halle. Munich: DJI eV.
Gaiser, Wolfgang / Gille, Martina / de Rijke, Johann (2006): Political participation of youth and young adults. In: Hoecker, Beate (ed.): Political Participation between convention and protest. A study-based introduction. Opladen: Barbara Budrich.
community Illingen (ed.) (2006): Illingen 2030th Tomorrow. Ideas and guidelines of Illinger community development. Illingen.
community Illingen (ed.) (2007): Illingen 2030th Future Programme Interim Report 2007 (CCA). Illingen.
Godewerth-Pollmann, Thelse (2007): Youth and politics: how to encourage parties to the participation of young people? Inaugural-Dissertation for the doctorate of philosophy. Heinrich-Heine University in Dusseldorf.
unripe, Susanna / Frais, Michael (ed.) (2007): Evaluation of opportunities for participation by young people as part of an international youth conference conducted for Plan International, Hamburg Germany eV.
Herlyn, Ulfert / von Seggern, Ille / Heinzelmann, Claudia / Karow, Daniela (2003): Young people in public spaces of the city. Opportunities and constraints of space appropriation. Edited by Wüstenrot Foundation. Opladen: VS.
sky, Katrin (2007): Young village - to improve the quality of life of young people in rural areas, through youth-friendly community development. Diploma thesis at the Chair of urban sociology and urban planning at the Department of the Technical University of Kaiserslautern.
Hurrelmann, Klaus (2001): Why the young generation must participate politically stronger. In: From Politics and History B44/2001, p. 3-7.
King, Armin (2007a): Citizens are planning future demographic change. Norderstedt.
King, Armin (2007b): So the community is the future: The crisis is also opportunity. In: Local Blätter (KOPO), 59 Born, 04/2007, p. 30-31.
Lender, Robert (2007): From Join the conversation down to self-design. Participation opportunities for children and adolescents in Austria. In: Republic of Austria, Parliamentary Administration (ed.): The political participation of young people and the democracy workshop of the Parliament. Supplement to Journal of Law Policy No. 4 / 2007. Vienna, p. 8-10.
Moser, Sonja (2008): "participation, as we see it": social participation from the perspective of young people. In: Ködelpeter, Thomas Nitschke, Ulrich (ed.): Young people plan and design worlds: participation in response to social change. Wiesbaden: VS. P. 77-86.
Republic of Austria, Parliamentary Administration (ed.): The political participation of young people and the democracy workshop of the Parliament. Supplement to Journal of Law Policy No. 4 / 2007. Vienna.

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Armin King

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Europe, not without us - can succeed as the civil project

Efler, Michael Haefner, Gerald / Huber, Roman Vogel, Percy et al. (2009): Europe: not without us! : Problems and Ways of Democracy in the European Union. Hamburg: VSA-Verlag. € 9.80

The democratization of the EU is the focus of the book by Michael Efler, Gerald Häfner, Roman Huber and Percy bird by the Association eV more democracy ". The club is aware that it called for more citizen participation, the introduction of the nationwide vote will be held in Germany, the modern electoral process and freedom of information begins. Goal is a vibrant democracy and a political culture that dialogue and citizen participation is encouraging. This is exactly what can not see "more democracy" to the EU. Thus, the debate on the Lisbon Treaty without the citizens being waged. Clear comment: "This can not go well. Rather, this is just foreclose the debate to the people in Europe and the one-sided communication, led to this on television and media, speeches, a secure Condition for their failure. " (7)
This, however, the authors do not settle. Because "democracy is a precious commodity. Generations have fought for and for them. " (7)
The authors present a very fair way of European integration is up to the Lisbon Treaty, describing it as a process in which "the people gradually taken their role '(39 ) were. This can not satisfy. The Lisbon Treaty, according to the authors, but only at first glance more democratic than the current system with its opaque, incomprehensible Regulations. It is now prevailing opinion that the Lisbon Treaty 'content difficult to understand "is. Rightly, the authors comment: "We think lack of understanding for a permissible reason to vote against a motion, for comprehensibility is an important prerequisite for democracy." (39) As was already "the way, was taken to reform and ratification of treaties, a gradual rejection of democracy" (41) have been. The positive aspects of reform were not enough a yes the Brgerinnen and citizens as rationally compelling display "(41) - on the contrary:" As a result, the EU is not democratic, but less democratic since. "(39) left
the authors but not with critics. They make concrete proposals which may be as impotent spectators of the EU policy actively contributing citizens - in the sense of the principle that all government authority emanates from the people in Europe.
A central element is a Democratic Convention for future treaty reform EU Treaties (118-119). This Convention shall be directly elected. In addition, each of the new draft treaty in referendums to be put to the vote. This would allow citizens the last word. It is "the shift of responsibility from the governments of competence to its citizens" (119). As a positive example, the constitutional reform of the Swiss canton of Zurich 1999 is cited to 2006. "The work of the Convention should be made more democratic and transparent to all members of the Assembly and outside." (121)
Also in the Question of responsibility, the authors have clear proposals. They plead for a federal system worthy of the name: "From our perspective, it would be important and useful to make a significant decentralization of powers and to define the borders of the EU clear. So completely in line with the subsidiarity concept would ensure that skills are always perceived by the smallest possible unit, so that domestic federal levels have sufficient powers further. (155)
This is perhaps one of the main points at all. This would allow the identification with the EU will improve significantly.
The authors are very creative. So they want to give people the right to propose European laws themselves (right of initiative, 156) "and to decide in a referendum (decision rights). Also contends that the citizens have a right to veto laws of the European Parliament and of the States Chamber (optional referendum), "future changes of the EU reform treaty would even be required to referendum made. (156)
addition, the European judges are chosen in order to strengthen their independence. The reforms went against all the expense of the Commission. To be elected by the EP and perform mostly administrative duties.
All reforms are under the premise of a greater participation of citizens, a better separation of powers. The vision of the book is the democratic Europe.
The current crisis of legitimacy of the European Union forces you to put the question of democratic reform in Europe again. "Europe: not without us," provides substantial contributions to democratization and greater legitimacy for the project of Europe, which is consistent with sustainable peace in Europe without alternative. The book is recommended without qualification as a basis for discussion.

© Armin king 2009

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National Forum for commitment and participation as a step towards establishing the civil society

The National Network for Civil Society (BBE) is addressed with support from the Federal Ministry for Family Citizens, Women and Youth a "National Forum for involvement and participation" field. The Forum is loud self-assertion of the federal network, the content along with expert representatives from civil society, politics, economics and science to the process of developing funding commitment to further develop and strengthen sustainable "(BBE) .

This is an important step towards the stabilization of civic engagement, which now has an important social function. is

from civil or civil society much expected. It is true that Bode, Evers & Klein noted that there are still "world of difference between vision and reality of everyday life, from conceptual designs and sociological reflection, between the political reform agenda and the operational conditions of the initiatives and organizations on the ground" (2009: 7) in place, but is now possibly drive the participation in discussion. The first congress of the national forum for engagement and participation are already starting to set accents in many fields. In the rooms of the German Parliament to discuss 250 experts from the field of participation / Civil society / engagement policy in following ten dialogues:

• DF 1: Infrastructure: Engagement offers and engagement promotion in the federal, state and local
• DF 2: Legal and financial framework
• DF 3: Social, economic and cultural factors condition for civic engagement and social cohesion
• DF 4: involvement in the democratic society - engagement as participation
• DF 5: Commitment business sponsorship
• DF 6: education policy and commitment promoting
• DF 7: Training and organizational development for committed and full-time
• DF 8: Engagement research and policy advice
• DF 9: Civic engagement and participation in Europe
• DF 10: Integration through Civic Engagement.
  

This is a comprehensive overview of social, societal, economic and cultural factors condition sought in order to become part of national policy commitment of the federal government.

Participation experts have made a now almost confusing topic. It ranges from the development trends of new fields of engagement (such as: care, hospice, food / consumer) on cooperation of voluntary agencies, family offices, self-help agencies, community foundations, staff positions on issues of communication and public relations ü about charitable issues, limitations of liability, financial support opportunities up to the sometimes challenging relationship between work and dedication. Gender issues are also not without interest. Sun Hiltrud wetting has described the risk that women would be forced out in the voluntary sector or civil society, while in the still significant institutions continue to have men call the shots.

Also, the demographic change is an important issue in the context of civic engagement.

Finally, ask if the G-8 schools, the Bologna process in higher education and increasing mobility requirements Workers do not lead to a dangerous erosion of volunteering because the volunteers did not have more time, as described by Wolfgang specialist in the field of policy is very critical.

literature selection:

http://www.bbe.de/fileadmin/inhalte/aktuelles/2009/03/NF_engagementpolitische_dialogforen.pdf

Bode, Ingo / Adalbert Evers / Klein, Ansgar (Eds.) ( 2009): civil society as a project. An inventory of potential development and promotion of civil society in Germany. Wiesbaden. Publisher of Social Sciences.

specialist, Wolfgang (2008): participation as myth and machine. In: Bröchler, Stephan / Lauth, Hans-Joachim (ed.): Politikwissenschafltiche perspectives. Wiesbaden: VS. P. 57-67.

King, Armin (2009): The Citizens Community: Renaissance of a good idea. In: innovative management. Vol 31, 1-2/2009. P. 18-19.

wetting, Hiltrud (2006): City construction site. Efficiency and proximity without democracy and sustainability? Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

room, Annette (2009): Civic Engagement - topic of teaching and research? In: Bode, Ingo / Adalbert Evers / Klein, Ansgar (Eds.): Civil Society as a project. An inventory of potential development and promotion of civil society in Germany. Wiesbaden. Publisher of Social Sciences. P. 80-100.



(c) Armin king 2009

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civil society as a future model?

Embacher, Serge / Lang, Susanne (2008): Learning and Working Paper civil society. An introduction to key civil society present and future issues. Bonn: Dietz.

Is it realistic to that is emancipated citizenship takes so much responsibility that the public sector and relieved the company is strengthened? Is this just an alibi or a real opportunity to improve transparency, participation and commitment, the future of democracy? The hopes are on the "civil society" addressed are enormous. There are opportunities and risks. Serge Lang and Susanne Embacher see civil society as "a historic opportunity" for forms of "practical self-organization and self-determination of a emancipated citizenship (10). Embacher and long distinguished between the liberal and cohesive civil society. Solidarity in times of crisis has great significance. Whether this succeeds, however, leave open the authors. This "can not be decided in books" (370), but result from a practical civic engagement into the local situation. The well-designed book gives an excellent overview of the current debate on civil society and draws a line from volunteering about the "uncivil society" to the communitarianism and corporate responsibility in civil society (Corporate Citizenship). All the major representatives of civil society and the communitarianism of John Rawls to Michael Walzer, Charles Taylor, and Amitai Etzioni described and shown conclusively in their significance. Accordingly, "the civil society a central reference point for social justice" (163). Embacher and long pass from the "Vision of a New Social Contract" (13) whose "real Foundation of civil society is "(13). It is considered a key component of the "Enlightenment project" as defined Immanuel Kant. The conclusion of the authors is dominated normative. "A livable society for all can only occur when all contribute their own ideas, needs and interests and actively get involved in this sense in their own affairs" (15).


© Armin king 2009

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controversy discussion with Civil Society as a project: rhetorical flourish or groundbreaking reform project?

© Armin king 2009

righteous citizen participation in decision making, active, vibrant democracy, freedom of political self-organization, formation of social capital - these are high standards for a "civil society" identified by the parties at least as a slogan has gained in importance. But what in reality the "civil society project" look like? Is it taken seriously? Or is it merely a rhetorical flourish? Ingo Bode, Adalbert Evers and Ansgar Klein have under the title "civil society project" an "inventory of development and promotion potential of civil society in Germany presented ". The issue is complex. It is about economics and organization of civil society, corporate citizenship, the role of full-time employees in NGOs to co-operation networks, the prospects of local governance arrangements and to participate in environmental participation process. From a gender perspective, civil society is examined - and very critical.

"There are still worlds apart between vision and reality of everyday life, from conceptual designs and sociological reflection, between the political reform agenda and the operational conditions of the initiatives and local organizations. (Bode / Evers / Klein 2009: 7)

The findings of the scientists is the policy of not flattering.

have, however, with the exception of the Left parties all received the call for a revaluation of the civil society in their program, such as Thomas Olk and Ansgar Klein lecture ("engagement policy - a new policy field and its problems"). They see "strong circumstantial evidence for the formation of an independent policy field, engagement policy 'in Germany" (30). This has, in its opinion, the Study Commission on the Future of Civic Engagement "essential part. Your device 1999 is a milestone in the development of policy commitment as a Field "(Olk / Klein 2009: 25) have been. The importance of the Commission, do not support reduced to de final report: "Networking engagement of political actors from different sectors of society and the direct impact of the hearings and debates on public opinion are just as relevant." (25)

Olk / small civic engagement seen as a reform project that breaks with conventional thinking and a far-reaching restructuring of the institutions in the state and society demands. " (25) This rich vision "far beyond the traditional understanding of a promotion out of volunteering (25).

civil society as a project is considered a challenging cross-cutting issue: "This is civil commitment not to the individual, donating time and money 'reduced, but identified as a complex of civil society orientation and conduct, both at the level of individuals (accepting responsibility, with-action and co-decision, donating time and money, etc.) and at the level of organizations (entering into partnerships, systematic involvement of civil society action logic in models, opening of organizational structures and processes of action for civil society contributions etc.) and even in other forms of governance (participatory forms of open negotiation of goals instead of hierarchical control) can be expressed. " (25-26) may be hidden behind a lot of wishful thinking. Empirically, this can not be so far in this form, and to this extent confirm

Annette room looks scientifically significant deficits. "Civic engagement as a concept out a niche existence and is decoupled from the international development, primarily a concept of everyday political debate in Germany" (81). They called for a departure from the "Provinzpomeranztum (98), more communication with each other and a better international links. That does not sound very friendly.

is gratifying critically discusses the "civil society as Bertelsmann project" (265 ff) by Rudolph Bauer. Sun attacked Bauer's elitist view of the Bertelsmann Foundation as paradoxical (265): "Having a civil society organization, its representatives to promote civic engagement written on their banners, the genuine concerns of civil society undermines the interests of an elite civil project. (265)

not Enough: A nonprofit organization uses its privileged access to the media, a business-friendly economic and to call for tax policy with the aim of limiting the state in its social and political opportunities to act, what to turn offset by increased civic engagement. " (265)

Bauer Bertelsmann raises more or less openly in front to push through under the guise of a non-governmental non-profit organization, private sector interests. The Foundation was calling for "less government". At the same time try a subsidiary of the Group, on which the Foundation hold the majority, "service performance of public administration to adopt and profitable to operate in private business director." (265) This approach the Bertelsmann Foundation runs the risk that those concerns would be thwarted, "associated with the original normative concept of civil society." (265) farm called names such as Liz Mohn, Werner Weidenfeld, Gunter Thielen, Heribert Meffert and Dieter H. Vogel, thus ensuring for the purposes of civil society for transparency in terms of interests, motives, goals, strategies and linkages. It is important that citizens know this.

farmer understands his contribution, not least as a challenge, he concluded, "the work of the Bertelsmann Foundation and the financially dependent on their centers (CAP, CHE, CKM) and the role of the Bertelsmann media and other Business activities of the group to perform scientific investigations and the influence of the complex "system Bertelsmann" in the development of civil society to monitor critical "(Bauer 2009: 288)

Conclusion:
the anthology." Civil society project "examines the current topic of civic engagement critical controversial for different viewpoints and encourages the interdisciplinary perspective to other research activities. The inventory is inspiring and can become a catalyst for new civil society activities. You but might also help to dampen overly high expectations of the civil society.

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Copenhagen Nørrebro as a modern interactive city

In the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ-Net 15.4.2009) describes Anja Martin, entitled "The modern interactive city" the efforts of Copenhagen, one of the last public open spaces in can be designed to Nørrebro district of residents of the neighborhood with. Nørrebro is "a multicultural old districts with 57 nationalities. Anybody can suggest a favorite city furniture from his home country. Sixty of them are later integrated into the one mile long road" (Martin 2009).

is According to the author and architect Bjarke Ingels of BIG office it comes to integration in the multicultural neighborhood and on global diversity - diversity that is a kind of participatory planning with attitude. Because the district is notorious for high crime, shootings and serious integration problems, the project Superkilen help in everyday urban life integration to live. Architect Ingels is quoted as saying: "You can not stop people ... The best thing you can do is to animate instead of standing empty room." (Martin 2009).

are currently collecting the proposals, 2010, the "Superkil" (Super V) to be completed by Nørrebro.

Anja Martin also referenced participation projects in Hamburg, Berlin, Frankfurt and Switzerland.

If participation is to be effective, the tenor, it must go beyond the legally required public participation. "But still the key question of how participation might work: Is it a PR measure, a matter of taking the base protests, or the mayor and the authorities really trust to let the people decide?"

Source: Frankfurter Zeitung Allgemeinde 15.4.2009: Anja Martin: The modern interactive city.

AK

Heather Harmon Throat

Political participation for under-represented youth and migrants

Armin King (c) 2009

Assuming scourge Note that in participatory arrangements, especially the "usual suspects" (Scourge 2008: 35) are involved and not, as desired all social and age groups, then the question comes into focus, funded and under what circumstances political participation in previously under-represented groups can be.

Gaiser, Gillespie and de Rijke have investigated the participation of adolescents and young adults in politics. Their initial hypothesis assumes that "politics as art, culture and religion to the less important areas of life for young people in West and East" (Gaiser / Gille de Rijke 2006:214) belongs. They are based on the results of the three waves of the DJI Youth Survey 1992, 1997 and 2003. Despite a rather low interest of young people in politics, the authors concluded that whole "not talking about a decline of political interest or political engagement among adolescents and young adults in the past 15 years" (Gaiser / Gille de Rijke, 2006: 231 ) could. Thus, the willingness to participate in elections is still very high (92%).

But other forms of political participation for young people have their appeal - at least in theory. At the head of the answers lie in the possible involvement of petitions (80%), in unauthorized demonstrations (60%), bodies of participation in companies, schools and training facilities (54%) and in discussions at public events (46%). It followed the participation in trade union strikes (41%), participation in citizen initiatives (35%), emails to politicians and writing letters (each 31%). (Gaiser / Gille de Rijke, 2006: 223-224; DJI Youth Survey 2003).

The actual activity rates are substantially lower. This applies in particular to the active party work, involvement in political groups and the acquisition of an office, which was perceived by each 2% of young people surveyed. The highest value of sympathy for young people enjoy peace initiatives, the environment, Third World and welfare, followed by district- and neighborhood groups (DJI Youth Survey 2003). This proves that local initiatives definitely have the potential to reach young people.

In summary, the authors:

"Young people are not thereafter be organized and structured, attractive by time duration and regularity marked forms of participation, but rather flexible, temporary, and in connection with special occasions standing organization. Motivating greater the opportunities for social interaction and the 'action' with peers and peers. , Actions rather than talk ', flexible and simple, little hierarchical structures and actions in which the effectiveness of political action in the goals as well as in the 'fun' of collective action is a direct experience are desirable. The content itself should have something to do with the topics of interest to the young people themselves and they also really relate to '. " (Gaiser / Gille de Rijke, 2006: 230)

this school can play an important role as a mediator. Whether it may increase the willingness to participate in that institutionalized forms of participation be extended to students, is a question for the authors, which one would have to analyze differentiation. "The empirical Results of the DJI Youth Survey refer any case that those young people who are active in extra-curricular contexts of school, and beyond the school committed and politically active are "(Gaiser / Gille de Rijke, 2006: 231). To more participation for students their schools encourages their commitment to the community.

The Austrian Parliament has made the political participation of young people in the heart of its democracy work place in 2007. The possibilities of participation of young people are now very different. Lender, who was involved in the project distinguishes between institutional and formalized participation, special projects, participation especially at local and regional level, eParticipation by electronic information and communication technologies and target group-specific participation. This rich today but no longer.

Lender sees in terms of participation projects for a paradigm shift: "Dedicated, participation projects soft 'more and more the approach that young people in any project should be involved in any decision that relates to their lifestyles." (Lender 2007: 8) Just the Web offer "completely new forms of self-organization for young people" (Lender 2007: 10). It needed, however, "still many efforts, participation as a standard in Austria introduce "(Lender 2007: 10). The reward, however: "Where young people are challenged and supported, they often show a high potential, interest and commitment." (Lender 2007: 10)

young people "spend most of their time in school education and training institutions" (Böhnisch 2008: 33), but there are only playing a part from their social life, which is also protected in particular. "Schools have their own lives, but they are not life itself" (Lender 2007: 10), has Aurin in a modification of the classical Seneca sentence 'non vitae sed scholae DISCIMUS "was determined. Who would nonetheless like to young people not only for school but for life to learn, they need to offer opportunities for participation that make sense and fun (Moser 2008: 79). "Accept the school youth as actors who make their actions or participation" For Böhnisch must (Böhnisch 2008: 38). It could contribute to "a platform for - citizenship - at least informal" to be. was discussed

on these issues in March 2007 at an international conference under the theme "Young people shape their future in the community by" (see Ködelpeter / Nitschke 2008). Were involved in youth researchers and practitioners from Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Brazil. The focus was the question of how young people react to social change and how to control their own living environment. Presented numerous projects in which young people can participate, such as the establishment of participatory budgeting in Marzahn-Hellersdorf in Bremen-Tenever (Quarter Budget) and in Brazilian cities like Porto Alegre and Sao Paulo, in planning the future of Augsburg, Bobingen and Weyarn, spatial planning ("young people need space - space for young people") in a large housing estate in Hamburg or in the qualification for participation processes. The participation of young people is not only theoretically, but also practically feasible and apparently also promising.

conflict pregnancies is the theme of "Youth, Participation and Migration (Geisen / Riegel 2008) in the" tension between participation and exclusion "(ibid.). The starting point is the discussion of everyday conflicts and with migrants, such as at the Berlin Rütli school.

The authors present a "one-sided problem-centered perception of young people with migration background" (Geisen / Riegel 2008: 8) with a differentiated view of the opportunities and limits of integration and participation. The central question, "how young people from immigrant backgrounds these social-cultural . Participation in itself subjectively realized as successful may "(Geisen / Tie 2008: 20) It will not conceal that this task is complicated by the risk of poverty, racism and some unprofessional conduct in social work (Geisen / Tie, 2008: 21). The authors note several deficiencies in the practical work and theoretical evaluation of the bulky topic. "However, in the papers also showed that about individual and social learning processes that include a critical reflection of the actual social conditions that overcome existing limitations and new possibilities of participation can be developed. (Geisen / Riegel 2008: 23-24)

Otten, rich and Schöning Calendar gives in a research report which analyzes "participation and position of migrants and their organizations in Rhineland-Palatinate" (Otten et al. 2007). Background of the project are more recent approaches to migration research emanating from Germany as an immigration country. "From an active participation lived an important function for social integration and the mediation between cultures" (Otten et al 2007: 1.) Expects at least assume that it holds appropriate potentials. The authors express the view that "self-determined and self-organized advocacy of migrants in their own organizations and institutions to the demands of social and political participation with respect for and appreciation of different cultural lifestyles and values be justified "(Otten et al. 1). They require "backing and active support of local politics" (Otten et al 2007. 88) for immigrant organizations, a "[k] ommunales suffrage as a way to normality" (Otten et al, 2007 89) and the institutionalization of the partnership between locals and migrants (Otten et al 2007: 88-89).

are necessary continuity and sustainability. Currently is a positive relationship Representations of migrants depends primarily on individuals, "who through long years of association experience, good relations with the local politics and a certain professional approach characterized the developments" (Otten et al 2007. 86).

characterized Overall Otten, rich and Schöning calendar picture, "that the underlying trend rather pragmatic cooperation and mutual appreciation as characterized by exclusion and non-disclosures." Relieved (ibid) is cooperating Where in fact, the cooperation, the "understanding of the needs, problems and opportunities of the other person "(ibid). This applies to the Municipalities on the one hand and the Migrantenorgansiationen other.
The migrant organizations seie now accepted as a governance actors in the local policy arena. They would have an integration function for its members, bundled interests, served as cultural mediators, but could also be a vehicle to stand out from other groups and cultural communities to define Otten et al. 2007: 66). Discussed will also have the opportunity to generate social capital through the local councils (Otten et al 2007. 69).

One aspect that is directly related to the demographic change has been so far paid little attention, but has considerable significance: the image of the actual population in the representative electoral system. This notice Otten, rich and Schöning-calendar: "Demographic change and the changing population structures in the cities and municipalities without a change in electoral map less and less the real conditions in the population. Many parties and politicians have already recognized this and suspect that migrants in the case of a municipal election law would soon be a sought-after groups of voters. "(Otten et al 2007: 89).

Against this background, participation opportunities in the pre-political local space in framework of governance arrangements of particular interest.

Literature:

Böhnisch, Lothar (2008): Youth living conditions, social change and youth participation. In: Ködelpeter, Thomas Nitschke, Ulrich (ed.): Young people plan and design worlds: participation in response to social change. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag. P. 25-40.

German Youth Institute (DJI) (2003): Youth Survey 2003 (3rd wave).

Gaiser, Wolfgang / Gille, Martina / de Rijke, Johann (2006): Political participation of youth and young adults. In: Hoecker, Beate (ed.): Political Participation between convention and protest. A study-based introduction. Opladen: Barbara Budrich.

scourge, Brigitte (2008): Why democratization of democracy? Criteria for evaluating participatory arrangements. In: Vetter, Angelika (ed.) (2008): Success of local conditions Bürgerbeteili supply. Wiesbaden. VS Verlag. P. 29-48.

Gille, Martina / Sardei-Biermann, Sabine / Gaiser, W., Rijke, Johan de (ed.) (2006): Adolescents and young adults in Germany. Living conditions, values and social participation 12 - to 29-year-old. (= Results for the third wave of the DJI Youth Survey 2003) Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

Ködelpeter, Thomas Nitschke, Ulrich (ed.) (2008): Young people plan and design worlds: participation in response on social change. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

Lender, Robert (2007): From Join the conversation down to self-design. Participation opportunities for children and adolescents in Austria. In: Republic of Austria, Parliamentary Administration (ed.): The political participation of young people and the democracy workshop of the Parliament. Supplement to Journal of Law Policy No. 4 / 2007. Vienna, p. 8-10.

Moser, Sonja (2008): "participation, as we see it": social participation from the perspective of young people. In: Ködelpeter, Thomas Nitschke, Ulrich (ed.): Young people plan and design worlds: participation in response to social change. Wiesbaden: VS. P. 77-86.

Otten, Matthias / Reich, Hans H. Schöning calendar, Claudia (2007): Innovative partnerships contribute productively. Participation of immigrants: perspectives for Rhineland-Palatinate. In: Meeting point - Journal of the State Commissioner for Migration and Integration in Rheinland-Pfalz 2 / 2007, p. 1-7.

Otten, Matthias / Reich, Hans H. Schöning calendar, Claudia (2008): Participation and posi-tion of migrants and their organizations in Rhineland-Palatinate. Research Report to the State Commissioner for Migration and Integration in Rhineland-Palatinate. Mainz.

Apollo 13 And Newtons Laws

Winter